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pied currawong
The pied currawong (''Strepera graculina'') is a medium-sized black passerine bird native to eastern Australia and Lord Howe Island. One of three currawong species in the genus ''Strepera'', it is closely related to the butcherbirds and Australian magpie of the family Artamidae. Six subspecies are recognised. It is a robust crowlike bird averaging around in length, black or sooty grey-black in plumage with white undertail and wing patches, yellow irises, and a heavy bill. The male and female are similar in appearance. Known for its melodious calls, the species' name ''currawong'' is believed to be of indigenous origin.
Within its range, the pied currawong is generally sedentary, although populations at higher altitudes relocate to lower areas during the cooler months. It is omnivorous, with a diet that includes a wide variety of berries and seeds, invertebrates, bird eggs and juvenile birds. It is a predator which has adapted well to urbanization and can be found in parks and gardens as well as rural woodland. The habitat includes all kinds of forested areas, although mature forests are preferred for breeding. Roosting, nesting and the bulk of foraging take place in trees, in contrast with the ground-foraging behaviour of its relative, the Australian magpie.
== Taxonomy ==
The pied currawong was first described by English ornithologist George Shaw in 1790 as ''Coracias strepera'', although ''Strepera'' was adopted as a generic name. Its binomial names were derived from the Latin ''strepera'', meaning "noisy", and ''graculina'' for resembling a jackdaw.〔Higgins ''et al.'', p. 529.〕 Pied crow-shrike is an old vernacular name from colonial days,〔Gould's ''Handbook to the Birds of Australia'' (1865)〕 and the term "pied" refers to two or more colors in blotches. Other common names include pied chillawong, currawang, charawack, kurrawack, tallawong, tullawong, mutton-bird, Otway forester, and pied afternoon-tea bird. The onomatopoeic term ''currawong'' itself is derived from the bird's call.〔Higgins ''et al.'', p. 530.〕 However, the exact origin of the term is unclear; the most likely antecedent is the word ''garrawaŋ'' from the indigenous Jagera language from the Brisbane region, although the Darug word ''gurawaruŋ'' from the Sydney basin is a possibility. ''Yungang'' as well as ''Kurrawang'' and ''Kurrawah'' are names from the Tharawal people of the Illawarra region.
Its closest relative is the black currawong (''S. fuliginosa'') of Tasmania, which has sometimes been considered a subspecies.〔Higgins ''et al.'', p. 552.〕 Together with the larger grey currawong (''S. versicolor''), they form the genus ''Strepera''. Although crow-like in appearance and habits, currawongs are only distantly related to true crows, and instead belong to the family Artamidae, together with the closely related Australian magpie and the butcherbirds. The affinities of all three genera were recognised early on and they were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by ornithologist John Albert Leach after he had studied their musculature. Ornithologists Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between woodswallows and butcherbirds in 1985, and combined them into a Cracticini clade, which became the family Artamidae.〔
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